Definition and Examples of Catenative Verbs

In English grammar, a catenative verb is a  verb  that can link with other verbs to form a chain or series. Examples of catenative verbs include  ask,  keep, promise, help,  want, and  seem, among  many others. A catenative verb (also called a chain verb) takes as its  complement  a nonfinite construction (often an infinitive). Huddleston and Pullum point out that the term catenative is applied to the non-finite complement, and also to the verb that licenses it . . . and the construction containing the verb its complement (The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, 2002). Examples and Observations She had a great many engagements, but  she usually managed to dine at home with her father, and that was about as much society as he cared for.(Willa Cather, Double Birthday. The Forum, 1929)Where is the politician who has not promised to fight to the death for lower taxes—and who has not proceeded to vote for the very spending projects that make tax cuts impossible?(Barry Goldwater, quoted by Wayne A. Root in The Conscience of a Libertarian, 2009)Only North Americans seem to believe that they always should, may, and actually can choose somebody with whom to share their blessings. Ultimately this attitude leads to bombing people into the acceptance of gifts.(Ivan Illich, Celebration of Awareness, 1969)She  had intended to take the Elevated, and naturally she looked in her purse to make certain she had the fare, and was pleased to find forty cents in the coin envelope.(Katherine Anne Porter, Theft. The Gyroscope, 1930)Out of the corners of her eyes she  saw him sit and pu ll  on his wet shoes.(Richard Wright, Bright and Morning Star. New Masses, 1939)ChainingA catenative verb is a verb that controls a non-finite complement. Catenative means chaining and reflects the way that the verb can link recursively with other catenatives to form a chain, as in:We decided to try to rent a house near the sea.Here there is a chain of three verbs: decide, try and rent, with to try to rent a house near the sea functioning as the catenative complement of decide, and to rent a house near the sea functioning as the catenative complement of try.(Angela Downing, English Grammar: A University Course. Routledge, 2006)Complements of Catenative VerbsThe term catenative is derived from the Latin word for chain, for the construction is repeatable in a way that enables us to form chains of verbs in which all except the last have a non-finite complement:​She seems to want to stop trying to avoid meeting him.Each of the italicized verbs here has a non-finite clause as co mplement.(Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum, A Students Introduction to English Grammar. Cambridge University Press, 2006)Also SeeAuxiliary Verb  and  Helping VerbCausative VerbHendiadysRecursionTen Types of Verbs

Drug Essay - 1041 Words

Have you ever been addicted to drugs? â€Å"There are about 18 million adults are addicted to alcohol.†(Teens, and self-injury: Causes, Signs, and Prevention Web MD) Those people needs to drink alcohol in order to function normally. It is a problem because drugs can cause heart diseases. Heart disease is extremely dangerous, and can cause heart attack, which is able to cause death. Although people takes drugs in order to feel pleasant. However drug is able to put one in abominable conditions such as capturing heart diseases. In the 11th Century, alcohol was not used, as medications. Alcohol started being used as medication in the 1100s. People eventually take too much drugs to feel pleasant and becomes addicted to it. Many have tried to†¦show more content†¦If a woman is pregnant and uses drugs, and the baby becomes affected. She might get arrested, and sentenced to prison. The baby along with the mother can become contaminated with diseases such as leukemia. There fore Pregnant should not take the risk of drinking alcohol because it is not safe. One can solve the smoking problems by informing Doctors about diseases that one has been receiving from taking drugs. Doctor will able to provide them medication that will cure them from diseases caused by drugs. www.spine-health.com,States †Doctors around the U.S have prescribe medications such as Chantix, Zyban, and Sugar pills to drug addict patients.† Family members such as mother, and father will tell be able to help them by explaining dangerous that are in taking drugs, therefore they need to stop taking drugs. Friends who have quit taking drugs about the problem, and they would indeed help someone who is addicted to drugs. E. Michale Robie has created a program called, â€Å"The Rock.† This program is here to help intoxicated people who are extremely addicted to drugs by giving them jobs to rehab farms in the country. This program has been successful in the past two year s. The government has find this program to be created because plenty of homeless intoxicated people have changed their way of living for the better. Experienced friends who have been addicted to drugs will explain to you how they quit. Therefore you may follow theShow MoreRelated Drug Legalization Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesDrug Legalization Drug legalization has become a great issue among Americans for many years, and there have also been those that try to stop that legalization. The article, â€Å"Legalizing Drugs is Not the Solution† by Gerald W. Lynch, has a good argument based on facts and incidents that have occurred from drug use. In this article a person thinks twice about what they are really doing when they use drugs, and it is clear as to why legalizing drugs would not be a logical solution As spokenRead More Drugs Essay1467 Words   |  6 Pagestypical politicians are afraid to address is that of what to do with the nation’s illegal drug problems. 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Introduction Addictions are very dangerous emotionally, psychologically, and physically. There are three main points to an addiction - the actual addiction and

The Piercer Free Essays

S w 908M57 The Piercer Colleen Sharen and Nicole Nolan wrote this case solely to provide material for class discussion. The authors do not intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial situation. The authors may have disguised certain names and other identifying information to protect confidentiality. We will write a custom essay sample on The Piercer or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ivey Management Services prohibits any form of reproduction, storage or transmittal without its written permission. Reproduction of this material is not covered under authorization by any reproduction rights organization. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, contact Ivey Publishing, Ivey Management Services, c/o Richard Ivey School of Business, The University o f Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 3K7; phone (519) 661-3208; fax (519) 661-3882; e-mail cases@ivey. uwo. ca. Copyright  © 2008, Ivey Management Services Version: (A) 2008-08-22 â€Å"Don’t forget, your business idea pitch is due in two weeks,† said Professor Sharen at the end of class. Jessica Pierce turned to look at her project team mate, Ashley Mound. Jessica and Ashley were fourth-year management and organizational studies students at Brescia University College, taking an introduction to entrepreneurship course. Ashley and Jessica had developed an idea for the assignment: a personal safety alarm that both shrieked and flashed lights when the person carrying it set off the alarm function. Given the concern that many people had over personal safety, it seemed like a great business idea. In order to present their idea, they needed to show that there was a market for this product and that they had a way to sell it to consumers. The problem was that they did not really know how or where to start to get the information that they needed. They had a lot of work to do to be ready to present their project in the next two weeks. THE ASSIGNMENT The business pitch assignment was challenging. Sharen had asked students to develop an interesting business idea and present it to a panel of potential investors. These investors included a successful serial entrepreneur, a business consultant who practised in the area of small- and medium-size enterprises, an owner of a marketing and advertising services business and a business professor. The students were asked to present an innovative idea, show why it would be successful in the market place, demonstrate potential markets, show the business model and sell themselves to the investors as entrepreneurs. The investors were instructed to view their investments as seed money to enable the students to further develop business plans and prototypes of their ideas. The students weren’t required to complete a financial analysis for this assignment. Purchased by Gaia Cuccarini (gaia. cuccarini@yahoo. it) on March 21, 2013 Page 2 9B08M057 The investors were asked to assess project ideas on the basis of the feasibility of the idea and whether they believed that the entrepreneurs would be able to deliver. They could consider the appeal of the idea itself, the logistics and operations required to run the business, the effectiveness of the business plan, the longterm viability of the business or the size of the market. The assignment would be graded 50 per cent based on how much money the teams received from the investors and 50 per cent on the quality of their presentation by the professor. THE IDEA The Piercer was a small device that hung on a chain worn around the neck. When activated, The Piercer emitted a piercing sound that traveled for approximately 500 meters, as well as a bright flashing light. To deactivate The Piercer, the wearer had to push two buttons simultaneously. This was to prevent an attacker from being able to deactivate the device. The piercing noise and the bright flashing light were designed to scare away attackers and attract those who might assist the person being attacked. In the situation of imminent attack, a person would not have to rely on their voice or bring a whistle to their mouth to signal for help. Ashley and Jessica had researched costs and thought that by manufacturing in China, they could make The Piercer for $2 and sell it for $7. 50 wholesale, with a retail price of $14. 95. The idea made sense to Ashley and Jessica. It fit with recent social and demographic trends as aging baby boomers began to need assistance with injuries and falls, and with increased general concerns about health, safety and violence. WHAT NEXT? Jessica and Ashley thought that they had a good idea. Now they had to prove it. What were the target markets for this product? How big were they? Which ones should they choose? How should they sell to them? What proportion of the target market should they expect to capture? Where should they look for information to help them make these decisions? A SIMPLE GUIDE TO INFORMATION RESOURCES AND EVALUATION Ashley and Jessica must do secondary research to be able to evaluate and implement their idea. They will need to consider 1) how to evaluate resources, 2) how to develop effective search strategies and 3) how to identify proprietary resources that support the case for this business. 1. How to Evaluate Resources Information is available everywhere, and for this reason, Jessica and Ashley need to be able to discriminate between good and poor quality information. Appropriate information usage for an academic project includes evaluating and assessing resources for reliability and credibility. Purchased by Gaia Cuccarini (gaia. cuccarini@yahoo. it) on March 21, 2013 Page 3 9B08M057 Goals ? ? ? ? ? Ashley and Jessica should be able to locate and differentiate free versus proprietary web resources. They should be able to identify a quality website. They should be able to evaluate books and other print resources for quality and reliability. They should understand the difference between scholarly and non-scholarly articles and resources. They should be able to cite information properly. Free Versus Proprietary Web Resources Many students think that the World Wide Web has the answers for everything. While the web can have valuable information, students pay (through their tuition) to have access to quality proprietary information resources. Ashley and Jessica could examine some free web sites to help them. For example, associations, company information and government information can be very helpful, as long as the user knows how to determine the quality of a website. Quality Web Sites Anyone anywhere can make a website. Just because it is on the web, does not mean it is good quality or reliable. When Ashley and Jessica are evaluating websites, they need to consider: Who is providing the information? ? Is it a government institution, a university or a company? ? Does the url make sense (e. g. .org, . edu, . on. ca)? ? Does the owner of the website have anything to gain by providing the information? ? Does the owner of the website have good credentials? ? Has anyone updated the website recently? Note that Wikipedia is not necessarily a reliable resource. Anyone anywhere can modify these pages. While it might be a place to find some resources or links, students should not cite Wikipedia as a reliable resource in an academic paper. The University of Alberta put together a good web evaluation checklist: http://www. library. ualberta. ca/instruction/science/evalweb. pdf For a more comprehensive list on evaluating web resources, see the bibliography on the topic: http://www. lib. vt. edu/help/instruct/evaluate/evalbiblio. html Purchased by Gaia Cuccarini (gaia. cuccarini@yahoo. it) on March 21, 2013 Page 4 9B08M057 Evaluating Other Resources Ashley and Jessica need to be critical of all the resources they use, not just websites. Ideally, they should be able to discriminate between proprietary and non-proprietary websites, scholarly and non-scholarly resources and evaluate the quality of any book used. Things for Ashley and Jessica to consider include: ? Who published the book or made the information available? ? How old is the information? ? Has the information been updated recently? ? Is the information peer reviewed? Does this matter? ? Did the library buy and recommend the resource? Is the author credible? Scholarly Versus Non-Scholarly Resources An academic library will provide access to both scholarly and non-scholarly resources. Scholarly work generally refers to published work that has been through a peer review process. Especially in the field of business, there are many practitioner resources. Therefore, Jessica and Ashley need to be aware of the type of information they are gathering. For example, industry trends, say from Standard and Poors NetAdvantage, is not a scholarly resource, yet the information within them could be valuable. Alternatively, ProQuest ABI Inform Global provides access to scholarly articles. Ashley and Jessica may also consider the relative value of evidence or fact versus opinion. Students should not read things and trust that what they are reading is accurate. Students should think about the rigor with which the argument is made and the evidence presented. ? Is there evidence to back up a claim? ? Has the evidence been collected in a reliable way? ? Is the author stating an opinion without backing up his or her ideas? Citing Work It is important that Ashley and Jessica cited their work properly, to avoid accidental plagiarism. Some of the more confusing things to cite include Statistics Canada data or online information. Statistics Canada has a website that describes systematically how to cite its tables, publications or other datasets: http://www. statcan. ca/english/freepub/12-591-XIE/12-591-XIE2006001. htm In addition, most academic libraries will have information about citation procedures, or will have copies of publication manuals available for borrowing. Any librarian can be asked about citation procedures. Purchased by Gaia Cuccarini (gaia. cuccarini@yahoo. it) on March 21, 2013 Page 5 9B08M057 2. How to Develop Search Strategies Goals ? ? ? ? Ashley and Jessica should know the difference between searching in different search fields, such as the abstract field and title field They should be able to use this technology to search the unique fields They should be able to use the â€Å"AND,† â€Å"OR,† or â€Å"NOT† features of a search engine to help narrow their search. They should understand what truncation and proximity search strategies are, and how that influences a search. Most search engines that index information have similar features. If Ashley and Jessica understand the concepts in searching, they can apply them to any search engine. Take Advantage of Search Fields For example, records in an index have many different fields such as keywords, title, author, publication title, document title, abstract, full document, date, author, etc. It is often possible to specify what part of the record to search in, which helps to be more specific with the search. Searching an entire text document may retrieve less meaningful records than a search of just abstracts. Use Boolean Search Strategies Using â€Å"AND† and â€Å"OR† can be helpful in expanding or narrowing a search. AND narrows a search and OR expands it. Using the term â€Å"NOT† can also be helpful, but should be limited. For example, searching for beer companies will retrieve companies on diamonds (DeBeers). Excluding the term â€Å"diamond† from a search on beer companies could be helpful in narrowing one’s search. Truncation and Proximity Many search engines allow for truncation and proximity searching. In ProQuest, an asterisk symbol will truncate. For example, if one types â€Å"leader*† into a search box, records with leader, leaders and leadership will be retrieved. This helps capture all variations of a word. Proximity searching refers to how close two words are together in a document. Presumably, if two words are close together in a document, they are more likely to have something to do with each other. In ProQuest, a â€Å"w/1† or â€Å"w/2† (â€Å"w/3,† etc. ) facilitates proximity searching. For example, if Ashley or Jessica typed â€Å"organizational w/3 learning† in the search box, they will retrieve documents where the word â€Å"organizational† is within three words of â€Å"learning. † Find Creative Ways In There are many different ways to find information. Knowing a company name or a competitor’s name is convenient. Taking advantage of key words (or subject terms) also is a good way to search. Purchased by Gaia Cuccarini (gaia. cuccarini@yahoo. it) on March 21, 2013 Page 6 9B08M057 It is also a good idea to brainstorm for synonyms prior to beginning a search. Being d eliberate about a search strategy and deciding on what concepts to combine can really help make the search go easier. Searching is iterative as well. One is advised to read some articles to learn the jargon of the topic, then go back and do the search again using the subject jargon. Most librarians will help on developing a search strategy! 3. How to Identify Proprietary Resources Goals Ashley and Jessica should be able to identify library resources and understand what type of information they can find in various types of resources. The following databases are some of the library databases that Ashley and Jessica could consider. They could also go to the library (or call or e-mail) and ask for assistance. Library staff will know what resources the library has, if there are any other resources that may be of use and how to access and use the resources. Finding Background Scholarly Articles ProQuest ABI Inform Global is a database that indexes business and management journal articles. Most of the articles are available in full text, and both scholarly and non-scholarly articles are available. The search box in ProQuest has a drop-down menu on the right that allows users to search in specific fields. For example, users can search the title, abstract, author, company or publication fields. Scopus is a database that indexes articles on the social sciences, life sciences, physical sciences and health sciences. For the purposes of a business or entrepreneurship project, searching only the social sciences category would be appropriate. This resource indexed scholarly articles. Google Scholar is a free resource that indexes scholarly information from the World Wide Web. There is an advanced search engine feature to help specify a search. Many academic institutions integrate access to full text articles with Google Scholar. This means that any article the student has access to via the library, is also available to them via Google Scholar. Because Google Scholar is integrated with library resources, the student will likely need to either be on campus, or logged into the off-campus proxy server to take advantage of these services. If they are off campus or not logged into the proxy server the student can still search Google Scholar, but access to full text resources may be limited. Finding News and Magazine Articles Factiva is a database that indexes newspapers and magazines. While this resource does not index scholarly articles, it is a broad resource that captures current global news and events. LexisNexis has a comprehensive database that indexes newspapers and magazines. significant Canadian content indexed there. Purchased by Gaia Cuccarini (gaia. cuccarini@yahoo. it) on March 21, 2013 There is also Page 7 9B08M057 Finding Industry Trends Several databases including Standard Poors NetAdvantage, Mintel and Marketline provide reports on industry trends. These databases provide regularly updated reports on broad industries. Each database tends to report on different industries, so students would have to do some trial and error research to find relevant reports. Students may find their topic is too narrow for these reports. The Financial Post Investor Suite is a database that provides industry information from a Canadian perspective. Finding Company Information Company information may be important for a project such as The Piercer, especially for researching competitors. MarketLine provides company information, including financial information, company descriptions and a list of competitors. Similarly, Hoovers provides comprehensive company descriptions. Not all companies are in both resources, therefore checking both resources is recommended for company research. Marketing and Advertising The World Advertising Research Center (WARC) is a resource that provides access to information about marketing and advertising, as well as to case studies of winning ad campaigns. Such a resource could be helpful in this context to see if other, similar products have been marketed, and if so, how they have been marketed. There is scholarly and non-scholarly information in this resource. Technology Information Both eMarketer and Forrester have information about technology trends. There may be information about the Internet, emerging technologies or electronic marketing. Statistics and Demographics Statistics Canada provides access to demographic data. Many secondary educational institutions participate in the Data Liberation Initiative. This means that information a member of the public would have to pay for, can be retrieved for free by a student. Students, through the academic library website, can use data for research. For more information about accessing statistics, students can talk to their subject librarian. Some resources that Statistics Canada has that might be useful to find demographics include the Market Research Handbook, Canadian Business Patterns, CANSIM data, Census data, and Canadian Social Trends, among others. There are other resources available via www. statcan. ca such as Community Profiles. Data are available down to groupings of the population of about 2,000 to 7,000 people, meaning students can find demographic data for each 2,000- to 7,000-person neighbourhood across the country. Purchased by Gaia Cuccarini (gaia. cuccarini@yahoo. it) on March 21, 2013 Page 8 9B08M057 Global Information Although global research may not be as important for a product such as The Piercer, other entrepreneurial projects may require researching the global market. Economic Intelligence Unit, Global Market Information Database and Business Monitor Online are three resources that provide global market and industry information. Other Helpful Resources Students are encouraged to use the World Wide Web to help them find good information. For example, city homepages often have information about setting up a business. Association websites also can have helpful information. Also, banks have entrepreneurial information on their websites. In addition, many books in the library explain how to develop small business plans or provide information on entrepreneurship. Purchased by Gaia Cuccarini (gaia. cuccarini@yahoo. it) on March 21, 2013 How to cite The Piercer, Papers

Precast Concrete Order to Reduce Wastages â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Precast Concrete Order TO Reduce Wastages? Answer: Introduction With wastes accounting for close to 6% - 9% of total project costs in the construction industry, the amount of losses is very significant considering the high cost of projects (Blismas, et al., 2010). This industry still remains one of the most profitable sectors of the economy which leads to most attempts to mitigate wastage in construction sites being uneconomical, a factor which further facilitates construction to carry on without proper preventive measures. As a result, both the technical and client parties incur huge costs considering the fact that the wastes have to be accounted for. Building projects that utilize concrete as the main material, in most cases, usually end up with a wastage factor of between 5% - 10% of the overall costs. These wastes also contribute to a variety of environmental problems which have proven to be a setback in the construction industry. This waste material is mostly in the form of concrete, used formwork, steel and it is usually a result of human a nd environmental factors within the site environment (Tam, et al, 2005). Whereas the disposal mechanisms currently being used help achieving a reduced waste impact on the environmental, the responsibility falls upon engineers and contractors to find a balance between waste free constructions and helthcare profit margins. More alternatives that reduce the amount of wastages and improve the quality of work too therefore have to be developed (Mao, et al., 2013). This is where modular construction techniques come in as manufacturers can come up with environmentally friendly materials while at the same time, implementing environmentally friendly building methods that also give way for the incorporation of sustainable energy. While relying heavily on existing literature, this review will concentrate on precast concrete systems explaining how and when these systems are used, their material saving and environmental friendliness, the gaps in the research and further link them to my research project. Literature review Modular construction systems categorically offer a solution to the issue of waste reduction. This is advantageous for developers seeking to increase their profit margins based on the favourable economies of scale of the total cost of the development. As argued by Lu Aye, T. Ngo, R. H. Crawford, R. Gammampila and P. Mendisa, modular systems provides up to 51% material saving by mass by incorporating reused materials in modular construction that used timber, steel and concrete (Lu, et al., 2012). Concrete is one of these modular construction materials whose application has been increasing gradually over the years for this very reason. As a fact, a study by Weisheng Lu and H. Yuan indicates a wastage factor of only 2% or less when utilizing precast concrete in construction (Lu, 2013). In using precast concrete systems, the person using it may choose to go with a fully modular approach or the inclusion in situ concrete during construction various stages. When construction teams utilize this precast approach, however, they may do so for specific member elements including slabs, columns and beams. The reasons for using these members include good insulation, easy demolition, higher frame strength and cost reduction (Arif, 2010). When looking at the various approaches to this system, 2 main approaches stand out whose difference is in the percentage amount of precast elements used. They are discussed below. Fully precast concrete systems: this is where all member elements are cast off site and transported to the site. Some of the best examples of these of the application of precast modular structures are artificial harbours and bridges. One of the most recognized examples is the Mulberry Harbour that was temporarily constructed by the British during the Second World War to provide a platform for quick offloading of cargo along the beaches of Normandy, France. At present, most bridges are constructed using prefabricated member elements where the only in situ components are the abutment (Li, Z., et al., 2014). As argued by researchers R. Lawson, R. G. Ogden and R. Bergin, precast concrete systems have a proven record of maintaining high levels of structural durability and stability as all the member elements have better tensile and compressive strengths compared to the conventional in situ members (Lawson, et al., 2011). This provides the client and contractor with a better schedule management and waste saving system. When considering the economies of scale, larger projects that use precast concrete are ultimately much cheaper to run and develop than their in situ concrete alternatives. The economic aspect of this system can however be non-existent when comparing to the conventional systems currently in use. This mean that, for smaller structures, the economies of scale apply. Where development projects are smaller, there are significantly less wastes and time spent and this usually less and this leaves very little room for extra economic recovery (Blismas, et al., 2010). In actual sense, they could end up being more expensive than the conventional concrete systems. This is because of their relatively higher production costs. Questions have also been raised by researchers about their seismic performance with some researchers suggesting they could be weak. Partial precast concrete systems: these is usually when the construction utilizes both precast and in situ concrete in the same project. These practices are currently incorporated in high-rise structures such as warehouses plazas, residential high-rise blocks, bridges, harbours. These may not be as strong as precast structures but they also exhibit high levels of structural durability and reliability (Azman, et al., 2010). Partial precast concrete systems can be an advantage to developers constructing small units as, they are much cheaper than their alternatives e.g. those with three floors or less (Azman, et al., 2010). The major disadvantage that this system is that it is prone to wastages when comparing it to the alternatives. In actual sense, waste is significantly reduced when comparing the development to concrete structures cast right there on site. They are, prone to some slight wastage as using the in situ cast concrete system leads to wastage. The research gaps existing in the in the body of knowledge relating to precast systems is in complementary sustainable material incorporation. While it has been noted that modular construction does, in a lot of cases utilize reused materials, very few materials have been researched on that complement the precast concrete systems. These materials could include recycled reinforcement fibres made of a variety of materials that could include steel, nylon, fibreglass, organic sisal fibres etc (Wang, et al., 2010). Cement admixtures and alternative, sustainable alternatives to both coarse and fine aggregates could also be researched on that are both environmental friendly and reduce overall construction costs. Evaluation The research conducted in this field indicated both positives and negatives, some of which are in direct contrast with each other. While Arif, in his journal paper highlighted precast systems as being more cost effective than other construction methods, W. Lu and H. Yuan greatly emphasize the additional costs of the transportation associated with precast systems (Arif, 2010), (Lu, 2013). These normally come about as some construction sites are far away from the factories which, in comparison to conventional methods using in situ material that are readily available, is fairly costlier. Kamali and K. Hewage in their research on the life cycle of modular structures argue that modular construction provides a better life cycle, a point E. M. Generalovaa, V. P. Generalova and A. A. Kuznetsovaa agree with in a different research paper ( Kamali, 2016), (Generalova, et al., 2016). With this in mind, further research can be done to increase this life cycle and overall sustainability. R. N. Swamy, in 1990, conducted a research in fibre reinforced concrete but their application was limited to in-situ cast concrete. Even then there was a reduction in the amount of reinforcement used and also member dimensions e.g. slab and beam depths were significantly reduced (Swamy ed., 1990). It is with this in mind that this research focuses on the effect of using sustainable fibres during the casting of precast elements that provide for a similar or better life cycle, cut down overall costs and are environmentally friendly. In utilizing them, material wastage will be assessed comparing the material saving qualities of systems using both precast with conventional reinforcement and those with environmental friendly reinforcement mechanism. The reinforcement alternatives researched on will be limited to only those that are recycled wastes and by products of other production processes that would go to waste. The reasoning behind this research is that, while mitigating the amount of constructions event further, they would also provide a solution to the increasingly challenging task of providing reliable and safe disposal mechanism (Oyedele, et al., 2014). In reusing these waste materials, the construction costs are ultimately lowered and adoption would be easier to propagate by marketing. The strength properties are to be measured and compared to regular concrete with an objective target of examining whether they can provide a much better deal in the long run. Conclusion The review above illustrates the in-depth study that has been conducted in order to establish the suitability of precast concrete systems in waste reduction and environmental protection. While a lot of these systems have been adopted and are largely being utilized, the question of reducing material wastage and costs even further has been raised. It is with these in mind that further research has been suggested fibre reinforced precast concrete. These assumed result would be further reduction in wastages, costs and more environmental friendliness. References Antink, R., Garrigan, C., Bonetti, M. and Westaway, R., 2014. Greening the Building Supply Chain. UNEP Sustainable Buildings and Climate Initiative. Arif, A. a. E. C., 2010. Making a case for offsite construction in China. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, Issue 17, pp. 536-548. Azman, M.N.A., Ahamad, M.S.S., Majid, T.A. and Hanafi, M.H., 2010. The common approach in off-site construction industry. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(9), pp.4478-4482. Blismas, N., Wakefield, R. Hauser, B., 2010. Concrete prefabricated housing via management in systems technologies: Development of a technology roadmap. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, Issue 17, pp. 99-100. Campbell, S., 1996. Green cities, growing cities, just cities?: Urban planning and the contradictions of sustainable development. Journal of the American Planning Association, 62(3), pp.296-312. Generalova, E.M., Generalov, V.P. and Kuznetsova, A.A., 2016. Modular buildings in modern construction. Procedia Engineering, 153, pp.167-172. Jaillon, L., Poon, C.S. and Chiang, Y.H., 2009. Quantifying the waste reduction potential of using prefabrication in building construction in Hong Kong. Waste management, 29(1), pp.309-320. Kamali, M. and Hewage, K., 2016. Life cycle performance of modular buildings: A critical review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 62, pp.1171-1183. Lawson, R.M., Ogden, R.G. and Bergin, R., 2011. Application of modular construction in high-rise buildings. Journal of architectural engineering, 18(2), pp.148-154. Li, Z., Shen, G.Q. and Alshawi, M., 2014. Measuring the impact of prefabrication on construction waste reduction: an empirical study in China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 91, pp.27-39. Li, Z., Shen, G.Q. and Xue, X., 2014. Critical review of the research on the management of prefabricated construction. Habitat international, 43, pp.240-249. Lu Aye, T. Ngo, R.H. Crawford, R. Gammampila, P. Mendis, 2012. Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions and energy analysis of prefabricated reusable building modules, Energy and Buildings, Volume 47, Pages 159-168. Lu, N. and Korman, T., 2010. Implementation of building information modeling (BIM) in modular construction: Benefits and challenges. In Construction Research Congress 2010: Innovation for Reshaping Construction Practice (pp. 1136-1145). Lu, W. and Yuan, H., 2013. Investigating waste reduction potential in the upstream processes of offshore prefabrication construction. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, pp.804-811. Mashable, 2012. 5 Companies on the Cutting Edge of Sustainable Prefab Housing. [Online] Available at: https://mashable.com/2012/07/25/sustainable-prefab-housing/#fvfvrGKm3Zq3 [Accessed 09 Sep 2017]. Mao, C., Shen, Q., Shen, L. and Tang, L., 2013. Comparative marketing of greenhouse gas emissions between off-site prefabrication and conventional construction methods: Two case studies of residential projects. Energy and Buildings, 66, pp.165-176. Musa, M.F., Mohammad, M.F., Mahbub, R. and Yusof, M.R., 2014. Enhancing the quality of life by adopting sustainable modular industrialised building system (IBS) in the Malaysian construction industry. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 153, pp.79-89. Oyedele, L.O., Ajayi, S.O. and Kadiri, K.O., 2014. Use of recycled products in UK construction industry: An empirical investigation into critical impediments and strategies for improvement. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 93, pp.23-31. Swamy, R. ed., 1990. Fibre Reinforced Cement and Concrete. s.l., s.n. Tam, C.M., Tam, V.W., Chan, J.K. and Ng, W.C., 2005. Use of prefabrication to minimize construction waste-a case study approach. International Journal of Construction Management, 5(1), pp.91-101. Tam, V.W., Fung, I.W., Sing, M.C. and Ogunlana, S.O., 2015. Best practice of prefabrication implementation in the Hong Kong public and private sectors. Journal of Cleaner Production, 109, pp.216-231. Wang, Y., Wu Li, V., 2010. Concrete Reinforcement with Recycled Fibres.. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering., November. Xie, J., 2016. 5 Eco-Friendly Prefab Homes You Can Order Right Now. [Online] Available at: https://www.curbed.com/2016/5/6/11608246/prefab-homes-for-sale-green-eco-friendly-sustainable [Accessed 24 Aug 2017].

The History of Jazz Dance free essay sample

In Africa, natives danced to celebrate cycles of life such as birth, puberty, marriage, and death. Child, adults, and the elderly depended on jazz dance to express their culture and beliefs. People from Africa who were later sold into the slave trade around the late 1 asss to mid asss brought the dance with them to the Southern plantations in which they now lived on. The dance took on more of a European style over time. The only place where jazz danced stayed in its original African form was Congo Square in New Orleans. Slaves were allowed to dance while being supervised by French and Spanish Catholics. The Catholics believed that by letting the slaves dance, they could monitor them to make sure they werent planning escapes or practicing voodoo rituals. After seeing the slaves dance, whites began to paint their faces black and began copying their styles.The very first dance to imitate slave dancers was by Thomas Rice in 1828. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Jazz Dance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was called Jump Jim Crow. It copied the movement of a slave who had been crippled. This became the basis for the era of American entertainment founded on stereotyping slave dancers. The movement quickly spread to the audience and public, and the result was that dances like the Charleston, Jitterbug, Boogie Woozier and Swing began to develop.

Film Analysis Essay Essay Example

Film Analysis Essay Essay Example Film Analysis Essay Essay Film Analysis Essay Essay in the year 2054. Justice Departments elite Pre-Crime unit has eliminated all ruder by preventing it and punishing the supposed perpetrators before crimes ever happen. This is made possible by three gifted human beings called Pre-Cogs, whose dreams or visions are projected to holographic screens manipulated mostly by Chief John Anderson (Tom Cruise). : The system is believed to be infallible, or so John Anderson thought, until he is identified to be committing a murder in less than 36 hours. To prove his innocence and a high suspicion of set-up, Anderson has to run and uncover the truth, and so the film goes on, packed with chilly sense of suspense and adrenaline, but all he while conjuring elusive answers to dilemmas is it moral for a person to be imprisoned for a crime he has yet to commit? Does intention equate action? Is it ethical to enslave three gifted psychics for a crime system to work, undermining their civil liberties and those of others as well, in reverence of a crime system that claims perfection and error-free conception? Does an incorruptible bureaucracy even exist? If the Pre-Cogs are never wrong, is it justified enough to reduce or worse, abandon mans unique ability to think, to choose, and ultimately guide his own actions? Was technology conceived to serve and profit man or does it exist to oblige humans? Throughout the film, Spielberg supports the story and the characters in an attempt to provide answers, and yet leaves the audience to decide for himself, while experiencing a cerebral thriller and high-wired action, remembering though, to push these elements aside to play second fiddle to human decency and dignity. The film is fraught with astounding images a display of vast encroachments of sophisticated technology that changes the way people live, but not significantly altering the essence of being human. The opening sequence grabs and envelops the viewer as John Anderson dexterously illustrates how the Pre-Crime unit works. The names of the victims and perpetrators are etched on either red or brown balls that drop through tubes like lottery balls; the former indicates a crime of passion, while the latter is one with premeditation. The Pre-Cogs, immersed in a nutrient-filled pool, work together to project their visions or dreams of future murders to a holographic screen suspended in mid-air. The images are analyzed in an enclosed, glass-controlled panel where John Ender-ton resembles a homophony orchestra conductor as he manipulates the images, sweeps them away, restores them, forwards, and rewinds, while all the while piecing together the clues that give the exact location of the murder and verify identities of the perpetrators. While the images are visual feasts by themselves, it is remarkable how Anderson and the rest of his crew render meaning to what they see, piecing together evidence in the same usual and realistic manner in any law-enforcement unit, only this time, solving the crime much faster and more tech-savvy. Nevertheless, the opening sequence exhibits technology complementing and even yielding to the brilliance of human thinking( ). The technological perspective and images offered by the film Of what the future would look like in 50 years is also conceivable. It blends the old with the new fascinating vertical cities, magnetic and non- earthbound cars, voice-activated lights and appliances, holographic ads and virtual billboards catering unashamedly to personal needs, and animated but annoying cereal box figures and live newspaper newsfeed reminiscent of washes seen in Harry Potter. These are all integrated with contemporary mages old houses and present-day shops and malls, shabby apartments and regular neighborhoods, some teeming still with drug dealers, congested highways, Washington monument and Capitol still standing, subway trains, people still reading newspapers and wearing glasses, police still wielding sick sticks while in pursuit, and people still stricken with common colds. Even the use of electronic spiders scurrying around to scan retinas for identification, set up against a common tenement background, exudes a casual, assimilated feeling, as if the residents are accustomed to them. Though evidently objected to an unwelcome intrusion, the characters were shown to be still practicing normal, everyday occurrences having dinner, exchanging heated arguments, having sex still in the conventional way, and little children being frightful of spiders electronic or not ( These images, though crafted for entertainment and pure cinema, are still imbued with social relevance, brimming with normal human emotions and sensitivity. More important, they present insights on the probable discordance between high-end technology and human privacy. Striking is the clever use of desiderated colors, grainy texture, and cold sighting to render the film its stark mood suggesting a thrilling journey into interior darkness the propensity and capacity of a person to commit a grave action. The entire film is dominated in almost monochromatic, muted hues of blue and gray that explore a cold, bleak futuristic atmosphere paralleling the ominous, sinister events that the Pre-Cogs are seeing. In all their visions of homicide the drowning of Anne Lively ( ), the stabbing of an unfaithful wife ( the shooting of Leo Crow by John Anderson ( and the killing of Anderson by Lamar Burgess ( ) the scenes are all in black and white resembling the films f the asss, cunningly providing a witty blend between futuristic atmosphere and murky motives and cryptic attitudes of men, effectively rendering the film its chilly thrill and suspense. The use of cold, silvered tone also serves to mirror deep, powerful emotions of grief and loss that John Anderson is experiencing as he spends a night in his apartment with its cold and loveless light ( ). Overall, the preponderance of breath taking blends between the nostalgic conventions with modern science fiction only serves to magnify the tales of the human dark side. The film is also characterized by dazzling, graceful camera moves employed in both fast paced action and choreographed stills. In one spectacular chase scene, the camera astonishingly swept up and down as John Anderson gets out of an electromagnetic car and leaps from one cart another while in a steep, vertical incline ( The camera sweeps interspersed with computer generated graphics are flawlessly mixed with the live-action shots making the special effects resemble real life. However, the same casual grace and choreographed camera moves also bring the viewer down to realism. In another chase where John Anderson escapes with Ghats aiding him with her pre-cognitive power, it is hard not to notice that amidst the wit of the sequence of Ghatss emotional, yet strong instructions to Anderson to run, move, or wait in an effort to elude the detectives in pursuit ( she is still wearing the traditional khakis of today purchased from Gap (supposedly still existing) by Anderson in an earlier scene ( More unforgettable is the heart- pounding scene where electronic spiders were out to get John Anderson and he had to immerse himself in a tub of ice water to avoid detection. Close to he end of the scene when the spiders were leaving, a bubble surfacing and bursting in the tub drew the last spiders attention ( ). The exquisite timing and choreography by which this spider senses something and pauses in mid- step elegantly combines the wit of technology with a believable creature, resembling at least in concept, a miniature version of a rover sent to planet Mars of today. The film therefore persuasively delivers scenes and special effects that are ambitious yet plausible, innovative yet full of character. In any sic-if action movie or thriller, one would assume that the score should be just s dark, futuristic, and psychologically complex. Minority Report did just that but also included instrumental, classical music that not only added aesthetic delight to the film but surprisingly complemented the high-wired action -reflecting the thoughts, desires, inner turmoil and conflicts within the usual mechanical, controlled external demeanor of not only the characters, but of most the people in general. Bits and pieces from symphonies of Schubert, Bach, and Tchaikovsky dominate the film especially the opening sequence where John Anderson operates in Pre-Crime unit. Exquisite music companies his every move and every stance, almost giving the impression that he is conducting a symphonic orchestra ( The score augments the impression that the film desires to give that the crime system works impeccably and is believable almost to the point that it gives an edgy feeling that it can possibly capture the near future. This music theme dramatically rises in action as a solo horn and piano solo when John Anderson is seen reliving the memories of his lost son, Sean, and divorced wife, Lard, in his lonely apartment ( This is where the viewer is introduced to the protagonist ND the motive that drove him to dedicate himself in such unit, but had there been no enthralling music to complement holographic images and three dimensional videos with which John Anderson is portrayed to be interacting, the despair and profound loss that he is experiencing would not have delivered such a moving and powerful impression. Indeed, a human emotion at its finest. Another remarkable and touching scene is where Ghats describes Jeans life has he not died early on. Music allowed the theme to move through various instrumental combinations and rhythmic pulses, as Ghats comments and expounds on his imagined life ( ). It is quite remarkable and perhaps, the most heart-wrenching scene in this movie, as the music accompanied the message of innocence and hope that the film tries to convey through Ghatss words. The viewer is led to believe that perhaps in the end, there is restitution, reconciliation, and a healing that no amount of suspense and action can deliver. Minority Report truly not only played with visual elements but with raw and deep human sensibilities. There is no question that Tom Cruisers acting gives justice to the role of John Anderson a good cop with an unflappable character, an affable action hero, an all-male example of an American cop, but sometimes so flat and cool, and at worst, disaffecting. What makes him so interesting is that behind a facade of a man in full composure and control, swimming invincibly in a Cargos Sea of robotic technology, is a man who is capable of breaking down, in full emotional nakedness as his compelling side is revealed in the scenes where he relives his life with his abducted and lost son, while all the while high on drugs ( This shift from an impassive to a passionate man is what makes this Spielberg movie feed on emotional manipulation an old trick employed by many films but that which is brought anew by this film. With his own share of action shots, Andersens character does not just perform for the screenplay but effectively distracts and compels the viewer to worry about him. Even in impossible action sequences like falling from heights ( ) and being imprisoned by a car manufactured with him in its bosom ( the viewer is compelled to consider the logic of the action, and not just left wondering if the stunt is plausible. This is because of a motive that has been earlier disclosed -? he has cost a son, one of the tragedies that the Pre-Crime system is trying to avoid. The most intense scenes involve Anderson. A significant, unforgettable one is when he is led to an eccentric character of Dry. Hangman (Lois Smith) in an effort to prove his innocence. A sinister horticulturist taking care of carnivorous plants, Dry. Hangman invented the system an achievement that she conveyed regret in without directly saying it. She has poignant dialogues and insightful words. When she says, l was trying to cure them, it was delivered in an ice-cold tone but One with pure passion underneath in an effort to disclose that the innocent children of drug afflicted mothers who unfortunately turned out to have precognitive powers are also humans, undeserving of the fate of being conscripted into the program where the greater good of mankind is equivalent to a lifetimes worth of slavery. Her character adds a dark undercurrent to the film and significantly uncovers John Andersens vulnerable side when she inadvertently reveals a glitch in the system that while the Pre-cogs are never wrong, they do disagree, and these disagreements called minority reports are generated and stored in the brain f the most gifted of all the Pre-Cogs, Ghats. These minority reports that play a crucial role in proving John Andersens innocence are alternate futures that may have applied to the hundreds of people who were jailed on the assumption of guilt by none other than John Anderson himself. The shock and terrifying look on his face has it all the realization that he has imprisoned people who may not have not acted on intentions, but chose to stop and redirect his actions. By Dry. Hangmans dialogue that says, In order to see the light, one has to risk the dark ( the film reiterates an oven/whelming incept of humanity that questions of morality and ethics of justice need to be reconciled with their answers, and they are too significant to be ignored. Of the three Pre-Cogs, Ghats (Samaritan Morton) takes on the lead role. Her character is that of an intense connection with John Anderson physical but not sexual; overwhelmingly helpless, yet strong; innocent and comforting, yet strange and disturbing all in quite distinction from Andersens character, but that what renders Anderson a sense of vulnerability and self-discovery. As a tormented pre-Cog, reduced to feverish utterances and constant screaming, Ghats embodies human frailty and slavery. From the beginning of the story, she clutches on to John Anderson in a plea for help, for understanding, for the realization that she is the ultimate victim, and that she longs for liberation. Compulsively replaying the murder of her own mother, Anne Lively, she asks Anderson, Can you see? ( ) a two-faced question that seems to evoke the thought that, l, too have lost and suffered, and want to be free. With her constant exhaustion and frightened, wide-eyed stance, she manages to aid Anderson in his evasion from his skyscrapers colleagues and ultimately brings IM face to face with Andersens dilemma that only he can reckon with to deliberately act on his intentions of shooting Leo Crow after being led to believe that he abducted and killed his lost son, as exactly was predicted by the Pre-Cogs, or to choose to walk away, abandoning his intention to kill. Minority Report in its pure cinematic form, and John Anderson in his finest moment, bring home the films flagrant, unmitigated message in the sequence that follows where Anderson, instead of shooting Leo Crow, begins to read his Miranda rights ( ) a person has the power to shape his destiny by is ability to freely choose. A profound moral least expected from a science fiction! Minority Report is not necessarily flawless. There is a paradox at work, One that can drive a person to madness, but one that is utterly delicious John Anderson runs because he is accused, but the act itself begins the chain of events that lead to it the prediction that drives the act, or what is known as the self-fulfilling prophecy. A vicious cycle, like a dog chasing its own tail. This however, does not preclude the important metaphors and thought- provoking scenes that this film offers predestination or free will, a usability or a certainty, technological advancement or slavery, crime-free society or loss of human freedom? The film attempts at revelation but walks away, leaving a path for self-discovery, an absorbing journey to full humanity. It does offer optimism, a certainty that at the end of the journey is not incarceration but awakening, a courageous step to open doors and not recognition of defeat, a transcendence of grief and loss and not a ploy to escapism, an appreciation of unique gifts with no oppression, reliability but not infallibility. Like the many facets in life, the theme is complex and enigmatic; one that generates more questions than answers, but one that does not neglect the true meaning of being human. What defines a person and what he is capable of is as clear as what W. E. Henley famously puts, l am the master of my fate: am the captain of my soul. Ultimately, it is man who determines his own future.

Management accounting-Bias Budgets Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management accounting-Bias Budgets - Coursework Example Question One (a): Why do managers want to manipulate their budgets? After budget approval, the company may use it to carry out budgetary actions. As a result, the managers use it to ensure they carry out the organization objectives and plans and in the end, they have to compare budget plan against the real performance. Once compared, the difference in amount is usually the budget deficient or bias which is cause by manager`s manipulation or distortion on the proposed budget. There are various reasons as to why mangers manipulate budget. Firstly, if the rewards and motivation through performance evaluation help to achieve the budget results, the managers may end up manipulating the budget to include more of rewards in order they can hit the target more easily like league table and bonuses. Besides, managers are highly involved in cases of budget slacks-where organization set their revenue to be too low and a high cost, the organization may end up losing sales since the resources requi red to raise production with the short time given have been limited. Moreover, the managers who have been promised some rewards on attaining certain goals set their target to be very low such that they easily attain them without caring whether the company looses or gains. Likewise, the senior managers dictate on a budget for performance. As a result, it forces the mangers to keep focus of resources on the performance of their department. Consequently, the mangers end up presenting a budget request biased on his department not for organization as whole. Hence, the direction of bias is downwards. Secondly, the company`s practices and norms is subtle in determining the performance of the company`s budget. Notably, prevailing work conditions help to dictate what is morally right. As a result, the management, which focuses on self-manager performances, will give incentives directed to managers alone. However, the aggregate accounting performance from his action is focusing on organizatio n as whole. On the other hand, the management focusing on others gives a hard determination of degree of performance. As a result, it reduces the aggregate performance although it induces co-operation and collaboration to other firms. Moreover, when there occurs some change in the budgetary system from being top-down or centralized, and an acceptable estimate of growth is set, with the changing budgetary system to may be bottom up, and company`s practices remaining similar, bias of unknown direction happens. Lastly, the mangers may feel insecure in their job and as a result, they are more than ready to use the budgetary trick when a chance arises. By this, it mean, the managers are quick to spend until the entire budgeted amount is consumed when the chance of buying goods occurs at a lower price. In fact, in the managers operating in the declining sales department makes use of entire budgets usage under the assumption that the future is uncertain. As a result, the budget becomes was teful at the expense of the manager approving his need of upholding the job since the amount needed by the company and the bought one is very varying. Hence, strong upward bias occurs. (b): Why are they able to do? What are the constraints on such behaviour? As a long as the departmental budget exists, some head of the department will always try to game the budget. Additionally, there are numerous reason as

Promotional marketing portfolio that include examples of promotional Coursework

Promotional marketing portfolio that include examples of promotional activity in your chosen sector - Coursework Example While evaluating the promotion activities of the three brands of chocolate under perspective in this study, it is important to consider their quality, price, market coverage and standard features so that their competitive advantages are in alignment. The information reported ion this portfolio was collected by consulting with a wide range of sources such as magazines where the chocolates are promoted, the social media, billboards, analysis of the market and prices in the stores to identify price variation over a period of time. Discounts are used to promote chocolates by diversifying the prices and products so as to enable them reach as many people as possible. This is done by differentiating brands and prices among milk chocolate bar, crispy white chocolate bar, crispy crunch bars, darkly divine plain chocolate, double milk chocolate and divine mini eggs. Divine chocolate promotes its products through Joint partnership with other companies such as Sainsbury and Christian Aid supporters. Many stores stocked their chocolates after partnership as they were able to make nationwide supplies. The UK market is served by their retail stores and outlets such as Christian Aid, Comic Relief and The Body Shop. This opened a wide coverage for divine chocolate as it offered a new and fairer product than what most people were used to. Promotion of Divine chocolate is done through offering free samples for people to taste them before making their choices. Samples are offered in stores, malls and in the supermarkets where people frequent a lot so as to attract a huge traffic of people. Sampling and tasting is very effective is ensuring increased sales. Divine chocolate provide fair chocolate which is environment friendly compared to other chocolates in the market. These appeal to majority of people who are interested in ethically products and green

Immigration in Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Immigration in Britain - Essay Example The emergence of nation-states made immigration a political issue: by definition it is the homeland of a nation defined by shared ethnicity and/or culture." (Wikipedia: Immigration). According to the source data presented in the graphics above there is currently a total of 191 million immigrants worldwide. The statistics also unveil that the last 50 years has seen an almost doubling of immigration entailing the movements of 115 million immigrants into developed countries. Official statistics indicate that more than two million foreign nationals have moved to Britain in recent years and nine in 10 of them came from outside Europe. According to the sources, a net 2.3 million immigrants arrived between 1991 and 2006, the majority from Africa and Asia. The other important dimension presented on the facts is that hundreds of thousands of short-term immigrants are not included in official statistics whilst the sources indicate that the counting system is grossly unreliable that it is not feasibly possible to know the true immigrants population of Britain. Through the surge of globalization, various factors trigger the movement of people from their native countries to other countries. The factors can be categorized into social, economic and political. The nineteenth century has particularly experienced phenomenal proportions of immigrations triggered largely by civil and economic strife and unrest in various countries especially in the third world or developing countries categories. Researches that have conducted to assess the impact immigration on the economic aspects of matters have unveiled certain notables in the nature and patterns of immigration in UK for the past 50 years. The movement of foreign nationals into the UK has resulted in the significant increase of the labour supply. This has been so notably in low job realms which are naturally not preferred by British natives. Immigration in the UK has also impacted significantly on Aggregate Demand in cases where there have been more people spending and therefore increasing demand for labour. This has also brought significant dynamics in the wages systems. Immigration into The UK has led to the spiraling for unemployment especially for the foreign nationals owing to largely to various reasons chief of which include the lack of critical skills and proficiency in the English language. This has often led to a diminishing range of available job opportunities resultantly culminating in structural unemployment. This setback has also been aggravated by the realities of racial discrimination in some instances. On positive dimensions immigration in the UK economy which has been dogged by a shortage of certain key public sector workers, especially in London, has helped alleviate labour gaps. This has been in the shape of immigrants getting trained to be nurses, doctors or teachers they can help fill labour market shortages. Also owing to the fact that immigrant is largely of working age, immigrants in the UK have helped overcome the demographic problems inherent in ageing population. As such this has lowered income tax levels whilst the other

The Negative Effect Of Clubbing On The Body

The Negative Effect Of Clubbing On The Body The levels of clubbing and video gaming have increased in the twenty first century; however the people that go out dont know realise that they are falling victim to the unhidden dangers of clubbing. Epilepsy and heart attacks are conditions that have been associated with stress, bad nutrition and other major triggers of the conditions without realising that even the so-called fun places and gadgets we spend time on can be a danger to our lives, or the lives of an epileptic. Commonly used strobe lights in the clubs can lead to photo sensitive epilepsy which isnt just there to enhance the hype of the clubbing, but are a serious danger. The rhyme of the music in the night clubs can also lead to severe consequences such as cardiac arrest. Therefore in this assignment we will be trying to make aware to all people the dangers of the fun side of our lives, mostly to the young people who have adapted to the twenty first century style of living. Negative effects of music on the heart: Some types of music can cause the brain to lose its symmetry between its right and left halves, or hemispheres. It can likewise generate diminished work capabilities in adults. The specific type of beat may be at fault. The types of music that cause these effects on the brain are mostly aggressive forms of music such as heavy rock or rap. The anapestic beat causes the switching of the brain, that is, the symmetry that exists between the two hemispheres of the brain is destroyed. This strains the heart and causes a stress to the body, weakening the muscles. (Heather, S, 2006, pg1) The anapaestic beat, which is the type of rhythm found in hard rock music, is known to be the exact opposite rhythm to that of our heart. Naturally this interrupts the natural rhythm of the heart, and disturbs normal heart rate and results in a strain or stress to the body. (Heather, S, 2006, pg1) Loud, fast paced music significantly increases the heart rate and when heart rate increases, cardiac output and resultantly blood pressure also go up. Blood pressure is raised by crisp, repeated chords. Both consonant and dissonant chords exert a profound effect on a persons pulse and respiration. (Frederick, W, 2007, pg32) Intense or loud music e.g. rock, electro result in the bodys release of the fight or flight hormones, i.e. epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol by the adrenal glands. This is followed by the constriction of the tiny blood vessels and consequently the increase in the blood pressure and heart rate. (Navaro, R, 2009, pg73) the way the body reacts can be likened to the same way it reacts when under stress or strain. Heart rate acceleration is associated with loudness , the tempo and the musical complexity of the music that is, as the tempo increases and the music becomes louder and with the inclusion of several instruments comes the marked and rapid increase in circulatory and cardiac activity. (Kahn A,P, 2009, pg220) The increase in blood pressure due to the strain brought on the body is counteracted by blocking/inhibition of the central sympathetic outflow of the heart and peripheral circulation. Baroreceptors are able to detect the changes in the vessel walls, which occurs due to the changes in the arterial pressure. The regulation occurs sequentially, from the intermediolateral cell column, to the preganglionic neurons, sympathetic ganglia, and to the post ganglionic sympathetic nerves directed to the heart, arterioles, veins and kidneys. This homeostatic process is referred to as the Baroreflex negative feedback loop which is the bodys way to react to increased blood pressure. The final result is a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate. (Fink, 2000, pg241) http://s1.favim.com/orig/26/adidas-party-rave-strobe-lights-Favim.com-227934.jpg http://a0.twimg.com/profile_images/768839063/SoundSystemSpkrWall.jpg (DJ in night club, n.d.) (Picture of a sound system, n.d.) Positive Effect of Music on the Heart: Music can have a positive effect on the body. This however does not include house, club, rave or any music with a fast beat. Classical music can cause the heart rate (pulse) to relax to the beat of the music as the rhythm is slow and calming. Such classical music includes that of the baroque period. As the heart rate becomes more relaxed so does the body, this allows for increased concentration. By having a decreased heart rate a persons blood pressure will decrease too, allowing for enhanced learning abilities. (Anon, 2012) Music doesnt just affect the heart rate, but also the frequency and amplitude of the brain waves. This is measured with an electroencephalogram. As well as effecting the breathing rate and the skins electrical resistance. So depending on the pace of the music depends on how the breathing rate, brain waves and the skins electrical resistance will be affected. Calming music will decrease the breathing rate although the breaths that will be taken will be deep allowing for increased oxygen to be supplied throughout the body. (Anon, 2012) How a heart attack happens/ What is a heart attack: For our hearts to function we need oxygen and nutrients, this ensures that the heart carries on beating. The rhymatic beating of the heart allows nutrients and oxygen to be pumped in and around the body which ensures our survival. When there is a shortage or no oxygen, the heart will not be able to function normally. This is known as a heart attack or a coronary attack. (Anon, 2012) This happens when the coronary arteries which carry the oxygen to the heart become blocked. This blockage can be due to cholesterol, fat and other substances which are known collectively as plaque. Causing the arteries to become thick and hard. This is known as atherosclerosis. (Anon, 2012) This plaque is dangerous in many ways one of them being that the plaque can break in the coronary artery causing a blood clot in this area. This blood clot blocks the coronary artery, cutting off the blood supply to the heart. This is known as an ischemia. During this blockage if any damage or death of any part of the heart muscle has occurred during an ischemia this is known as myocardial infarction (MI). (Anon, 2012) There can also be an obstruction in the artery other than a blockage leading to a heart attack. (Anon, 2012) (With some of the above mentioned heart attacks such as atherosclerosis, there are no symptoms as the body has compensated for the narrowing of the coronary arteries by widening other arteries.) (Anon, 2012) An angina attack can often be confused for a heart attack. An angina pectoris is when the patient feels a sharp pain in his/her chest. This does not cause any damage to the heart muscle whereas a heart attack does. An angina pectoris occurs normally during exercise or emotional pain causing the patients blood pressure to increase beyond normal. (Anon, 2012) Other causes of a heart attack can be a spasm in the coronary artery blocking the blood supply flow towards the heart muscle hindering the oxygen and vital supply of nutrients to the heart. The cause of the spasm is unknown and can occur in an ordinary artery or in one that has a blockage. If the spasm is severe this can lead to a heart attack. (Anon, 2012) Cardiac arrest is when there is an abnormal heart beat. This is slightly different to a heart attack because it is due to the hearts electrical system. This is when the electrical system malfunctions. Cardiac arrest sometimes known as sudden cardiac death SCD is when there is an irregular heartbeat, Arrhymias. Most common is ventricular fibrillation; this is when the lower chambers of the heart stop pumping blood. Death will occur in a few minutes if CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) or using a defibrillator to restore the normal heart beat. (Anon, 2012) Warning signs of a heart attack: Chest pain/discomfort Discomfort in the upper body regions Dyspnoea shortness of breath Cold sweats Nausea Fatigue light headed Palpitations heart heating fast (Anon, 2012) Risk factors which promote heart disease: Smoking Diet high in saturated fats Elevated cholesterol levels Obesity (Anon, 2012) How is a heart attack treated? Treatment of a heart attack may be both surgical and non-surgical. The type of treatment administered to a heart attack patient depends on the type of heart attack they are suffering from and treatment window (time span) in which treatment may be offered. Because only a few hospitals offer 24 hour percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures, clot-dissolving medication is used to reopen arteries that may be clogged. Such medication may not be used on patients with neurological disorders, pregnant patients, patients who have had major surgery or trauma in the past 6 weeks and patients who had been vomiting blood. (Amy and Elliot, 2006) Angioplasty Should a doctor decide that a patient needs an angioplasty, artery blockages will be observed on an angiogram (an x-ray of the hearts arteries) in a catheterization laboratory. A PCI is then performed by a cardiologist, in which the patient will remain awake throughout the whole procedure. During this procedure the skin is numbed, and a needle is inserted through the skin and a catheter and a soft-tipped guide wire are threaded into the aorta, and then into the heart using the needle. The catheter tip is passed through the arteries that transport the blood to the heart. Once the catheter is in place, a dye is injected into the heart vessels to make any blockages visible on x-ray. A tiny balloon on the tip of the catheter is inflated to unblock the artery. After the procedure, a stent is inserted where the blockage was. The stent is will remain permanently in the heart and may in some cases slowly release medication over time which prevents the growth of scar tissue and also prevents the formation of clots on that site. The recovery process may then take place in the coronary care unit which is an intensive care unit, where the patient will be monitored with ECGs, blood tests and routine checkups 24 hours a day. (Anon., 2012) Antiplatelet medication is prescribed to patients with newly inserted stents. This medication is important to prevent clotting in the stents. This medication must be taken by the patient for at least 12 months. If a patient stops taking the medication too soon it may result in a clot that may block the flow of blood through the stent resulting in another heart attack. Medication such as beta-blockers, aspirin and statin may also be prescribed by the cardiologist to prevent future heart attacks. In the event that non-surgical treatment is preferred by the doctor, medication can be administered to the patient. The medication is used to prevent future blood clots, break up existing clots, prevent platelets from gathering and sticking to the plaque, stabilize the plaque, and prevent any blood supply restrictions to tissues in the body. In order to decrease the damage that the heart muscle can undergo it is vital that the medication is administered within 30 minutes from when the heart attack symptoms occurred. (Anon., 2012) Medication used in heart attack treatment includes: aspirin thrombolytic therapy (clot busters) heparin other antiplatelet drugs Should a patient have more than 3 blocked arteries, coronary artery bypass surgery is usually recommended. Coronary artery bypass surgery This type of surgery is used to improve the flow of blood to the heart in people with severe coronary artery disease that puts them in the risk of having a heart attack. During this surgery a blocked coronary artery and a healthy vein or artery are joined together in order to improve the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart. 85% of individuals who undergo this surgery are at a less risk of having future heart attacks, they experience fewer symptoms, and they have a lower chance of dying within 10 years after the surgery. There are different types of coronary artery bypass surgery. (Anon., 2012). These include:- Traditional coronary artery bypass surgery This is the most common type of bypass surgery and is performed when a bypass is needed on at least one major artery. During this procedure, the chest is opened; exposing the heart and medication is used to stop the heart until the end of the procedure. The heart is operated on whilst a heart-lung machine is used to pump blood around the body, not depleting the oxygen supply throughout the whole body. Electric shocks are used to start the heart again after the surgery. (Anon., 2012) Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery This type of surgery is also open heart surgery and is similar to the traditional coronary artery bypass surgery. The difference is that the heart is not stopped which reduces the recovery time and also reduces the number of complications that may occur during and after surgery.(Anon., 2012) Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery This type of surgery is similar to the off-pump bypass surgery, except it is not open heart surgery. It is used to bypass the vessels in anterior of the heart.it isnt commonly used as it is a new procedure and it is used in cases where more than two arteries are going to be bypassed. The procedure itself is one in which small incision are made in-between the ribs on the left hand side of the body to access the vessels. (Anon., 2012) Description: http://topnews.in/usa/files/heart_attack.jpg (Rose, 2008) What is epilepsy? This is a term used to define condition in which an individual has recurring seizures of also known as fits. These occur when there is a disruption in the messages being relayed across the brain between brain cells resulting in a mix up or a complete halt of messages in the brain. These seizures occur when there is too much sudden brain activity. Each individual who has epileptic fits experiences then in a way that is unique to them, this is because there are different types of seizures and the type of seizure experienced depends the positioning of the epileptic activity, how wide and how fast in the brain the epileptic activity spreads. (Anon, 2012) The cause of some of the epileptic syndromes is unknown while for others it may be hereditary. The type of epilepsy syndrome is usually described according to its symptoms or where in the brain it occurs. There are many different types of epilepsy syndromes some of which begin in infancy, while others begin in adulthood. Some stop during adolescence or early adulthood whilst others are chronic. (Anon, 2012) Different types of epilepsy Photosensitive epilepsy In the event that epileptic seizures are caused by flickering lights or flashing lights, it is referred to as photosensitive epilepsy. In this type of epilepsy, natural or artificial lights and checked or striped patterns may also result in the seizures occurring. The seizure occurs during or shortly after the individual has been exposed to the cause. This type of epilepsy usually occurs to individuals between the ages of 7 and 19 and it affects more boys than girls. (Anon,2012) Absence epilepsy This type of epilepsy is usually hereditary and begins from infancy to adolescence. Individuals with this type of epilepsy experience absence seizures that happen repeatedly. During the seizures individuals have reported symptoms such as a jerking arm or rapidly blinking eyes, whilst others have reported no symptoms at all except for feeling out of it. These symptoms have no effect on an individuals intelligence; however, they could affect learning a school or daily activities if they occur. (Anon 2012) Psychomotor epilepsy With this type of epilepsy, during seizures individuals experience strange emotions, sensations and behaviour. Its name is used to describe partial seizures that keep occurring in the temporal lobe of the brain. Occipital lobe epilepsy This type of epilepsy is similar to temporal and frontal lobe epilepsy, however it usually begins with rapid eye blinking, individuals visualizing hallucinations and/other symptoms which have to do with the eyes. (Anon, 2012) Frontal lobe epilepsy This type of epilepsy has many different types of its kind which are described according to where in the frontal lobe they may occur. It describes a reoccurrence of short seizures which may suddenly stop or begin at any moment in time. (Anon, 2012) Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) This type of epilepsy is the most common with partial sezuires.it may cause memory loss and make learning difficult as it causes a structure in the brain called the hippocampus to shrink. This structure is vital for learning and memory. Although the damage which may be caused by temporal lobe seizures may take years to occur, it is advised that it is treated early and as effectively as possible to prevent and further damage that may occur. (Anon, 2012) Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy This type of epilepsy is chronic and doesnt always begin in childhood, however once a person has it they have to live with it for the rest of their lives. An example of this type of epilepsy is Ramsay Hunt Syndrome type II which begins in the early adulthood and causes muscle coordination to be reduced, seizures and reduces the abilities to learn, remember, pay attention and solve problems. (Anon, 2012) Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome This type of epilepsy begins in childhood. It has many symptoms which include sudden falls or drop attacks during seizures called atonic seizures. It is very difficult to treat and is also very severe. (Anon, 2012) Strobe lights causing epilepsy. Individual strobes or small groups of strobes have been used in entertainment venues for years. They even became a symbol or sign of night fun, because most of the night clubs use strobe lights and loud music to heat up the fun, without noticing or being aware that this triggered epileptic seizures known as photosensitive epilepsy. Photosensitive epilepsy has been known and studied for many years. Many people are unaware that they are sensitive to flickering lights or to certain kinds of patterns until they have a seizure. They may never go on to develop epilepsy, which is characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures, though a seizure may be triggered by certain photic conditions. Many individuals who are disturbed by light exposure do not develop seizures but experience other symptoms such as headache, nausea, dizziness and more. Photosensitive epilepsy is more common in children and adolescents, especially those with generalized epilepsy, in particular juvenile myoclonic epileps y. It becomes less frequent with age, with relatively few cases in the mid-twenties. Apparently, there is considerable body of knowledge relative to strobes and photosensitive epilepsy. Standards exist regarding the use of strobes in signalling applications such as for fire alarms. (Anon, 2012) It should be noted that it is not the strobe that is the problem; any light flashing at the noted frequencies may be a problem to photosensitive people. Seizures may be triggered by exposure to television screens (flickering and rolling of pictures), to computer monitors, to certain video games or TV broadcasts containing rapid flashes or alternating patterns of different colours, and to intense strobe lights like visual fire alarms. (Harding, 2008) In the U.S. population stats show that less than 5% of those who suffer from epilepsy are photosensitive. This means that approximately one in 4,000 individuals suffer from this less than 100,000 in the U.S. population. There is high possibility that even in other countries the same stats still stands, but the characteristics of each individuals susceptibility are unique this means there could a great variety on severity of the condition. It is well addressed in articles that the range of 15 to 20 Hz is of greatest concern; however some individuals are susceptible to flashing lights as slow as 5 Hz and some as high as 84 Hz as individuals are susceptible to in different ways. (Anon, 2012) People should check with their doctors if they are concerned about flashing lights triggering seizures. Chances are that the medical records will indicate how you responded to flashing lights during the electroencephalogram (EEG), a test done routinely in most people with epilepsy. During this test, sensors are attached to the patients scalp to monitor the electrical activity of the brain in various conditions, including light stimulation generated by a strobe positioned in front of the eyes. An abnormal response when the patient is exposed to various frequencies of flashing lights indicates the presence of photosensitivity. (Anon, 2012) Ways that would help prevent the triggering of these conditions. Avoid exposure to certain kinds of flashing lights; and Cover one eye and turn away from the direct light source when in the presence of flashing lights. General tips offered by the Epilepsy Foundation Organisation in America to reduce the chances of causing epileptic seizures. (Anon, 2012) Visual Fire Alarm Strobe Lights: In most workplaces and places serving the public, including theatres, restaurants, and recreation areas, are required to have fire alarms, which flash as well as ring so that people who cannot hear or cannot hear well will know that there is an emergency. To reduce the likelihood of the strobe light triggering a seizure, the Epilepsy Foundations professional advisory board recommends that the flash rate be kept to under 2 Hertz with breaks every so often between flashes; and flashing lights should be placed at a distance from each other and set to flash together at the same time to avoid an increase in the number of individual flashes. (Anon, 2012) Television Screens: Watch television in a well-lit room to reduce the contrast between light from the set and light in the room. Reduce the brightness of the screen. Keep as far back from the screen as possible. Use the remote control to change channels on the TV so you wont have to get too close to the set. Avoid watching for long periods of time. Wear polarized sunglasses while viewing television to reduce glare. (Anon, 2012) Videogames: Sit at least 2 feet from the screen in a well-lit room. Reduce the brightness of the screen. Do not let children play videogames if they are tired. Take frequent breaks from the games and look away from the screen every once in a while. Do not close and open eyes while looking at the screen blinking may facilitate seizures in sensitive individuals. Cover one eye while playing; alternating which eye is covered at regular intervals. Turn the game off if strange or unusual feelings or body jerks develop. (Anon, 2012) Computer Monitors: Use a flicker-free monitor (LCD display or flat screen). Use a monitor glare guard. Wear non-glare glasses to reduce glare from the screen. Take frequent breaks from tasks involving the computer. (Anon, 2012) http://blog.eastside.org/wordpress/jamiea/files/2012/02/Lights.jpg (Strobe lights, 2012) What happens during a seizure (Epilepsy) Normally the brain controls the functions of the body, either by interpreting electrical messages from sensory nerves or by generating electrical impulses for transmission down the motor nerves to the muscles. This normal electrical activity can be measured by taking an Electroencephalogram (EEG), using an instrument called an Electroencephalograph. The EEG does not provide a sure diagnose of Epilepsy. (Encyclopaedia of family health) http://www.drugs.com/health-guide/images/205052.jpg(Neurology, 2012) During an Epileptic attack, the electrical impulses recorded by the EEG increases in voltage and frequency, so that what appeared to be a reasonably ordered pattern of electrical activity becomes frenzied. The attack usually begins at one spot and then spreads as the fits develops to involve the whole brain.(Encyclopaedia of family Health) When there are disordered electrical activities over the whole brain, the attack which seldom lasts more than a minute or two may begin with a patient experiencing a strange sensation or an odd unreal smell and a phenomenon called the Dà ©jà   vu. This stage of the attack is known as Aura, followed immediately by the tonic seizure, during which the muscles contract and remain contracted, the patient loses control and falls rigid to the ground. Patient shouts and passes into the Clonic phase, when the arms and legs twitch and the breath is held. In the clonic and tonic phases the sufferer will feel confused and drowsy and may sleep. Paralysis may then develop in one or more limbs and last for an hour or more. (Encyclopaedia of family health) In Children Seizures are called petit mal. The child does not fall down but loses touch with the world for a few seconds, results in confusion and forgetful. If the Seizure attacks the child when they are speaking, he or she will suddenly stop for a couple of seconds then continue as if nothing happened. The child is unaware of the attacks. (Encyclopaedia of family health) What to do if someone has an Epileptic Seizure It is important to know that It is not possible to stop the attack, but helpful to protect the person having such an attack from injury. Here is what to do if someone has an Epileptic Seizure: Ensure that the patient cannot bang his or her limbs against any hard furniture, and keep him or her well away from any fireplace. A child should not be left alone until the attack is over. Do not attempt to push anything into the patients mouth or to force the jaws open. The jaws are powerfully clenched, and it is possible to cause an injury by trying to open them. When the fit is over, turn the patient gently onto one side and loosen his or her clothes on the neck so that there is no difficulty in breathing. If the fit has happened in an unsafe place, get the patient to safety quickly. If someone in the family has a fit for the first time, give the Doctor a careful, detailed account of what happened during the attack and just before it. This will help the Doctor make the correct diagnosis. A child who has a convulsion because of high fever should not be kept warm. Remove blankets and thick clothing, and if temperature rises above 39.40C, sponge the patient all over with tepid water until it comes down to 38.80C. (Encyclopaedia of family health) https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKGae6eSPTVe1qTokYr_fTDPtbrwkC__n3qRHLBJ1yXoZ3qqeAGckuMXf3f2i1sLT_V9P-j-cEPzg8AoPykK7RLtDj8c18Bsk4CtvKbh-N5zhAwlT_3JHIvlmT_AoncAXo_C6DUaBVYys/s1600/epilepsy-recovery.jpg (Medical issues seizures, n.d.) The Treatment of Photosensitive Epilepsy As is the case with all seizures, photosensitive seizures are usually treated with drugs known as anticonvulsants. Anticonvulsants refer to a group of diverse pharmaceutical products which are used in both the prevention and the treatment of epilepsy. In photosensitive epilepsy, Sodium Valproate is the recommended treatment. Sodium Valproate works to prevent an excess of electrical activity in the brain, thus calming the brain and preventing the occurrence of fits. Chemicals referred to as neurotransmitters are stored in nerve cells. Their function is to transmit messages between the nerve cells. GABA, is a neurotransmitter that acts to calm the nerves, its function is to maintain a balance of the nerve activity in the brain. Sodium Valproate works to increase the production of the neurotransmitter GABA in the brain and prevent the breakdown of this neurotransmitter, ultimately this results in the stabilising of the electrical nerve activity and achieving the desired therapeutic outc ome, preventing seizures. These drugs cannot completely cure epilepsy but through their use, by strictly following the prescribed drug regimen, epilepsy may be controlled and prevented. (Anon,2008) Although antiepileptic drugs are the most common methods of treatment of epilepsy, but they may not always be effective. Other methods of treatment of epilepsy include: Vagus Nerve Stimulation: The treatment works by sending mild impulses of energy to the brain, via the Vagus nerve via an implanted device (Anon,2007) . This is a treatment used as an option for patients who have tried several anti-epileptic drugs and still have not managed to gain adequate control of their seizures. This treatment is used in conjunction with anti-epileptic drugs. The vagus nerve stimulation does not act as a replacement for the drugs the patient is being administered, it works to aid the drugs thus achieving a better therapeutic response from the patient. Vagus nerve stimulation may also take up to two years to have an effect on a patients seizures, but if the treatment is effective, the patient may be allowed to decrease their anti-epileptic doses over time. The aim of vagus nerve stimulation is to reduce the number of seizures, the length of the seizures and the severity of the seizures in a patient. It must be remembered though that the treatment has a wide range of side effects. Diet: The ketogenic diet. Ketogenic has the meaning, keto which means ketones and genic meaning producing, thus ketone producing. This diet is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet (Dr. Eric Kossoff, 2006). The formation of ketones is a result of the body using fat as its energy source. With the decrease in the intake of carbohydrates, the bodies usual energy source, the body uses a fat as an alternative energy source, thus giving rise to ketone formation in the body and ultimately leading to better seizure control. Surgery: this treatment is used when epilepsy cannot be controlled in the patient with medication use. There is no guarantee though that the surgery will have an effect on the patient. The aim of the surgery is to remove the damaged brain tissue in order to effectively stop the seizures (Anon, 2012). https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYDIIPgTEJypHaX3O-_U6LO9dYzQAlPP9yldVM6885rXXU0YyHLXnnGC9cBUlYnI5RNhp-CvBTv8nyjK3LzbteQGOQPMkGFfKTe9TIToJr3Ie_Mep5zU6SOdhT8tIiUn7vVzh4ZdlObMty/s320/sodium-valproate-4.jpg (Sodium Valporate, n.d.) Conclusion: Due to the high increase of epilepsy and heart attacks it is vital that awareness about the causes of these conditions should be made available. Epileptic patients should wear medical ID bracelets, making it easier to identify what could be happening to them during seizures. Light regulation should be put in place in all night clubs, reducing the speed of the strobe lights, therefore lowering the risk of epileptic seizures. A range of treatment options exist for those who have photosensitive epilepsy, but there is no absolute cure for the condition, therefore awareness plays a vital role in precaution and thus prevention of these epileptic attacks. With regards to the effect of the upbeat music genres on the heart and other bodily functions, the best way to curb this is to minimise exposure. This can only be done through people taking initiative to avoid falling victim to a health hazard that could have otherwise been avoided. Regulation of the volumes of the music can be another way to lower the risks, as well as avoiding increasing the tempo of the music as is often the case. Places playing heavy metal music should be avoided at all costs. One can eve