Definition and Examples of Catenative Verbs

In English grammar, a catenative verb is a  verb  that can link with other verbs to form a chain or series. Examples of catenative verbs include  ask,  keep, promise, help,  want, and  seem, among  many others. A catenative verb (also called a chain verb) takes as its  complement  a nonfinite construction (often an infinitive). Huddleston and Pullum point out that the term catenative is applied to the non-finite complement, and also to the verb that licenses it . . . and the construction containing the verb its complement (The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, 2002). Examples and Observations She had a great many engagements, but  she usually managed to dine at home with her father, and that was about as much society as he cared for.(Willa Cather, Double Birthday. The Forum, 1929)Where is the politician who has not promised to fight to the death for lower taxes—and who has not proceeded to vote for the very spending projects that make tax cuts impossible?(Barry Goldwater, quoted by Wayne A. Root in The Conscience of a Libertarian, 2009)Only North Americans seem to believe that they always should, may, and actually can choose somebody with whom to share their blessings. Ultimately this attitude leads to bombing people into the acceptance of gifts.(Ivan Illich, Celebration of Awareness, 1969)She  had intended to take the Elevated, and naturally she looked in her purse to make certain she had the fare, and was pleased to find forty cents in the coin envelope.(Katherine Anne Porter, Theft. The Gyroscope, 1930)Out of the corners of her eyes she  saw him sit and pu ll  on his wet shoes.(Richard Wright, Bright and Morning Star. New Masses, 1939)ChainingA catenative verb is a verb that controls a non-finite complement. Catenative means chaining and reflects the way that the verb can link recursively with other catenatives to form a chain, as in:We decided to try to rent a house near the sea.Here there is a chain of three verbs: decide, try and rent, with to try to rent a house near the sea functioning as the catenative complement of decide, and to rent a house near the sea functioning as the catenative complement of try.(Angela Downing, English Grammar: A University Course. Routledge, 2006)Complements of Catenative VerbsThe term catenative is derived from the Latin word for chain, for the construction is repeatable in a way that enables us to form chains of verbs in which all except the last have a non-finite complement:​She seems to want to stop trying to avoid meeting him.Each of the italicized verbs here has a non-finite clause as co mplement.(Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum, A Students Introduction to English Grammar. Cambridge University Press, 2006)Also SeeAuxiliary Verb  and  Helping VerbCausative VerbHendiadysRecursionTen Types of Verbs

Drug Essay - 1041 Words

Have you ever been addicted to drugs? â€Å"There are about 18 million adults are addicted to alcohol.†(Teens, and self-injury: Causes, Signs, and Prevention Web MD) Those people needs to drink alcohol in order to function normally. It is a problem because drugs can cause heart diseases. Heart disease is extremely dangerous, and can cause heart attack, which is able to cause death. Although people takes drugs in order to feel pleasant. However drug is able to put one in abominable conditions such as capturing heart diseases. In the 11th Century, alcohol was not used, as medications. Alcohol started being used as medication in the 1100s. People eventually take too much drugs to feel pleasant and becomes addicted to it. Many have tried to†¦show more content†¦If a woman is pregnant and uses drugs, and the baby becomes affected. She might get arrested, and sentenced to prison. The baby along with the mother can become contaminated with diseases such as leukemia. There fore Pregnant should not take the risk of drinking alcohol because it is not safe. One can solve the smoking problems by informing Doctors about diseases that one has been receiving from taking drugs. Doctor will able to provide them medication that will cure them from diseases caused by drugs. www.spine-health.com,States †Doctors around the U.S have prescribe medications such as Chantix, Zyban, and Sugar pills to drug addict patients.† Family members such as mother, and father will tell be able to help them by explaining dangerous that are in taking drugs, therefore they need to stop taking drugs. Friends who have quit taking drugs about the problem, and they would indeed help someone who is addicted to drugs. E. Michale Robie has created a program called, â€Å"The Rock.† This program is here to help intoxicated people who are extremely addicted to drugs by giving them jobs to rehab farms in the country. This program has been successful in the past two year s. The government has find this program to be created because plenty of homeless intoxicated people have changed their way of living for the better. Experienced friends who have been addicted to drugs will explain to you how they quit. Therefore you may follow theShow MoreRelated Drug Legalization Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesDrug Legalization Drug legalization has become a great issue among Americans for many years, and there have also been those that try to stop that legalization. The article, â€Å"Legalizing Drugs is Not the Solution† by Gerald W. Lynch, has a good argument based on facts and incidents that have occurred from drug use. In this article a person thinks twice about what they are really doing when they use drugs, and it is clear as to why legalizing drugs would not be a logical solution As spokenRead More Drugs Essay1467 Words   |  6 Pagestypical politicians are afraid to address is that of what to do with the nation’s illegal drug problems. 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Introduction Addictions are very dangerous emotionally, psychologically, and physically. There are three main points to an addiction - the actual addiction and

The Piercer Free Essays

S w 908M57 The Piercer Colleen Sharen and Nicole Nolan wrote this case solely to provide material for class discussion. The authors do not intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial situation. The authors may have disguised certain names and other identifying information to protect confidentiality. We will write a custom essay sample on The Piercer or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ivey Management Services prohibits any form of reproduction, storage or transmittal without its written permission. Reproduction of this material is not covered under authorization by any reproduction rights organization. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, contact Ivey Publishing, Ivey Management Services, c/o Richard Ivey School of Business, The University o f Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 3K7; phone (519) 661-3208; fax (519) 661-3882; e-mail cases@ivey. uwo. ca. Copyright  © 2008, Ivey Management Services Version: (A) 2008-08-22 â€Å"Don’t forget, your business idea pitch is due in two weeks,† said Professor Sharen at the end of class. Jessica Pierce turned to look at her project team mate, Ashley Mound. Jessica and Ashley were fourth-year management and organizational studies students at Brescia University College, taking an introduction to entrepreneurship course. Ashley and Jessica had developed an idea for the assignment: a personal safety alarm that both shrieked and flashed lights when the person carrying it set off the alarm function. Given the concern that many people had over personal safety, it seemed like a great business idea. In order to present their idea, they needed to show that there was a market for this product and that they had a way to sell it to consumers. The problem was that they did not really know how or where to start to get the information that they needed. They had a lot of work to do to be ready to present their project in the next two weeks. THE ASSIGNMENT The business pitch assignment was challenging. Sharen had asked students to develop an interesting business idea and present it to a panel of potential investors. These investors included a successful serial entrepreneur, a business consultant who practised in the area of small- and medium-size enterprises, an owner of a marketing and advertising services business and a business professor. The students were asked to present an innovative idea, show why it would be successful in the market place, demonstrate potential markets, show the business model and sell themselves to the investors as entrepreneurs. The investors were instructed to view their investments as seed money to enable the students to further develop business plans and prototypes of their ideas. The students weren’t required to complete a financial analysis for this assignment. Purchased by Gaia Cuccarini (gaia. cuccarini@yahoo. it) on March 21, 2013 Page 2 9B08M057 The investors were asked to assess project ideas on the basis of the feasibility of the idea and whether they believed that the entrepreneurs would be able to deliver. They could consider the appeal of the idea itself, the logistics and operations required to run the business, the effectiveness of the business plan, the longterm viability of the business or the size of the market. The assignment would be graded 50 per cent based on how much money the teams received from the investors and 50 per cent on the quality of their presentation by the professor. THE IDEA The Piercer was a small device that hung on a chain worn around the neck. When activated, The Piercer emitted a piercing sound that traveled for approximately 500 meters, as well as a bright flashing light. To deactivate The Piercer, the wearer had to push two buttons simultaneously. This was to prevent an attacker from being able to deactivate the device. The piercing noise and the bright flashing light were designed to scare away attackers and attract those who might assist the person being attacked. In the situation of imminent attack, a person would not have to rely on their voice or bring a whistle to their mouth to signal for help. Ashley and Jessica had researched costs and thought that by manufacturing in China, they could make The Piercer for $2 and sell it for $7. 50 wholesale, with a retail price of $14. 95. The idea made sense to Ashley and Jessica. It fit with recent social and demographic trends as aging baby boomers began to need assistance with injuries and falls, and with increased general concerns about health, safety and violence. WHAT NEXT? Jessica and Ashley thought that they had a good idea. Now they had to prove it. What were the target markets for this product? How big were they? Which ones should they choose? How should they sell to them? What proportion of the target market should they expect to capture? Where should they look for information to help them make these decisions? A SIMPLE GUIDE TO INFORMATION RESOURCES AND EVALUATION Ashley and Jessica must do secondary research to be able to evaluate and implement their idea. They will need to consider 1) how to evaluate resources, 2) how to develop effective search strategies and 3) how to identify proprietary resources that support the case for this business. 1. How to Evaluate Resources Information is available everywhere, and for this reason, Jessica and Ashley need to be able to discriminate between good and poor quality information. Appropriate information usage for an academic project includes evaluating and assessing resources for reliability and credibility. Purchased by Gaia Cuccarini (gaia. cuccarini@yahoo. it) on March 21, 2013 Page 3 9B08M057 Goals ? ? ? ? ? Ashley and Jessica should be able to locate and differentiate free versus proprietary web resources. They should be able to identify a quality website. They should be able to evaluate books and other print resources for quality and reliability. They should understand the difference between scholarly and non-scholarly articles and resources. They should be able to cite information properly. Free Versus Proprietary Web Resources Many students think that the World Wide Web has the answers for everything. While the web can have valuable information, students pay (through their tuition) to have access to quality proprietary information resources. Ashley and Jessica could examine some free web sites to help them. For example, associations, company information and government information can be very helpful, as long as the user knows how to determine the quality of a website. Quality Web Sites Anyone anywhere can make a website. Just because it is on the web, does not mean it is good quality or reliable. When Ashley and Jessica are evaluating websites, they need to consider: Who is providing the information? ? Is it a government institution, a university or a company? ? Does the url make sense (e. g. .org, . edu, . on. ca)? ? Does the owner of the website have anything to gain by providing the information? ? Does the owner of the website have good credentials? ? Has anyone updated the website recently? Note that Wikipedia is not necessarily a reliable resource. Anyone anywhere can modify these pages. While it might be a place to find some resources or links, students should not cite Wikipedia as a reliable resource in an academic paper. The University of Alberta put together a good web evaluation checklist: http://www. library. ualberta. ca/instruction/science/evalweb. pdf For a more comprehensive list on evaluating web resources, see the bibliography on the topic: http://www. lib. vt. edu/help/instruct/evaluate/evalbiblio. html Purchased by Gaia Cuccarini (gaia. cuccarini@yahoo. it) on March 21, 2013 Page 4 9B08M057 Evaluating Other Resources Ashley and Jessica need to be critical of all the resources they use, not just websites. Ideally, they should be able to discriminate between proprietary and non-proprietary websites, scholarly and non-scholarly resources and evaluate the quality of any book used. Things for Ashley and Jessica to consider include: ? Who published the book or made the information available? ? How old is the information? ? Has the information been updated recently? ? Is the information peer reviewed? Does this matter? ? Did the library buy and recommend the resource? Is the author credible? Scholarly Versus Non-Scholarly Resources An academic library will provide access to both scholarly and non-scholarly resources. Scholarly work generally refers to published work that has been through a peer review process. Especially in the field of business, there are many practitioner resources. Therefore, Jessica and Ashley need to be aware of the type of information they are gathering. For example, industry trends, say from Standard and Poors NetAdvantage, is not a scholarly resource, yet the information within them could be valuable. Alternatively, ProQuest ABI Inform Global provides access to scholarly articles. Ashley and Jessica may also consider the relative value of evidence or fact versus opinion. Students should not read things and trust that what they are reading is accurate. Students should think about the rigor with which the argument is made and the evidence presented. ? Is there evidence to back up a claim? ? Has the evidence been collected in a reliable way? ? Is the author stating an opinion without backing up his or her ideas? Citing Work It is important that Ashley and Jessica cited their work properly, to avoid accidental plagiarism. Some of the more confusing things to cite include Statistics Canada data or online information. Statistics Canada has a website that describes systematically how to cite its tables, publications or other datasets: http://www. statcan. ca/english/freepub/12-591-XIE/12-591-XIE2006001. htm In addition, most academic libraries will have information about citation procedures, or will have copies of publication manuals available for borrowing. Any librarian can be asked about citation procedures. Purchased by Gaia Cuccarini (gaia. cuccarini@yahoo. it) on March 21, 2013 Page 5 9B08M057 2. How to Develop Search Strategies Goals ? ? ? ? Ashley and Jessica should know the difference between searching in different search fields, such as the abstract field and title field They should be able to use this technology to search the unique fields They should be able to use the â€Å"AND,† â€Å"OR,† or â€Å"NOT† features of a search engine to help narrow their search. They should understand what truncation and proximity search strategies are, and how that influences a search. Most search engines that index information have similar features. If Ashley and Jessica understand the concepts in searching, they can apply them to any search engine. Take Advantage of Search Fields For example, records in an index have many different fields such as keywords, title, author, publication title, document title, abstract, full document, date, author, etc. It is often possible to specify what part of the record to search in, which helps to be more specific with the search. Searching an entire text document may retrieve less meaningful records than a search of just abstracts. Use Boolean Search Strategies Using â€Å"AND† and â€Å"OR† can be helpful in expanding or narrowing a search. AND narrows a search and OR expands it. Using the term â€Å"NOT† can also be helpful, but should be limited. For example, searching for beer companies will retrieve companies on diamonds (DeBeers). Excluding the term â€Å"diamond† from a search on beer companies could be helpful in narrowing one’s search. Truncation and Proximity Many search engines allow for truncation and proximity searching. In ProQuest, an asterisk symbol will truncate. For example, if one types â€Å"leader*† into a search box, records with leader, leaders and leadership will be retrieved. This helps capture all variations of a word. Proximity searching refers to how close two words are together in a document. Presumably, if two words are close together in a document, they are more likely to have something to do with each other. In ProQuest, a â€Å"w/1† or â€Å"w/2† (â€Å"w/3,† etc. ) facilitates proximity searching. For example, if Ashley or Jessica typed â€Å"organizational w/3 learning† in the search box, they will retrieve documents where the word â€Å"organizational† is within three words of â€Å"learning. † Find Creative Ways In There are many different ways to find information. Knowing a company name or a competitor’s name is convenient. Taking advantage of key words (or subject terms) also is a good way to search. Purchased by Gaia Cuccarini (gaia. cuccarini@yahoo. it) on March 21, 2013 Page 6 9B08M057 It is also a good idea to brainstorm for synonyms prior to beginning a search. Being d eliberate about a search strategy and deciding on what concepts to combine can really help make the search go easier. Searching is iterative as well. One is advised to read some articles to learn the jargon of the topic, then go back and do the search again using the subject jargon. Most librarians will help on developing a search strategy! 3. How to Identify Proprietary Resources Goals Ashley and Jessica should be able to identify library resources and understand what type of information they can find in various types of resources. The following databases are some of the library databases that Ashley and Jessica could consider. They could also go to the library (or call or e-mail) and ask for assistance. Library staff will know what resources the library has, if there are any other resources that may be of use and how to access and use the resources. Finding Background Scholarly Articles ProQuest ABI Inform Global is a database that indexes business and management journal articles. Most of the articles are available in full text, and both scholarly and non-scholarly articles are available. The search box in ProQuest has a drop-down menu on the right that allows users to search in specific fields. For example, users can search the title, abstract, author, company or publication fields. Scopus is a database that indexes articles on the social sciences, life sciences, physical sciences and health sciences. For the purposes of a business or entrepreneurship project, searching only the social sciences category would be appropriate. This resource indexed scholarly articles. Google Scholar is a free resource that indexes scholarly information from the World Wide Web. There is an advanced search engine feature to help specify a search. Many academic institutions integrate access to full text articles with Google Scholar. This means that any article the student has access to via the library, is also available to them via Google Scholar. Because Google Scholar is integrated with library resources, the student will likely need to either be on campus, or logged into the off-campus proxy server to take advantage of these services. If they are off campus or not logged into the proxy server the student can still search Google Scholar, but access to full text resources may be limited. Finding News and Magazine Articles Factiva is a database that indexes newspapers and magazines. While this resource does not index scholarly articles, it is a broad resource that captures current global news and events. LexisNexis has a comprehensive database that indexes newspapers and magazines. significant Canadian content indexed there. Purchased by Gaia Cuccarini (gaia. cuccarini@yahoo. it) on March 21, 2013 There is also Page 7 9B08M057 Finding Industry Trends Several databases including Standard Poors NetAdvantage, Mintel and Marketline provide reports on industry trends. These databases provide regularly updated reports on broad industries. Each database tends to report on different industries, so students would have to do some trial and error research to find relevant reports. Students may find their topic is too narrow for these reports. The Financial Post Investor Suite is a database that provides industry information from a Canadian perspective. Finding Company Information Company information may be important for a project such as The Piercer, especially for researching competitors. MarketLine provides company information, including financial information, company descriptions and a list of competitors. Similarly, Hoovers provides comprehensive company descriptions. Not all companies are in both resources, therefore checking both resources is recommended for company research. Marketing and Advertising The World Advertising Research Center (WARC) is a resource that provides access to information about marketing and advertising, as well as to case studies of winning ad campaigns. Such a resource could be helpful in this context to see if other, similar products have been marketed, and if so, how they have been marketed. There is scholarly and non-scholarly information in this resource. Technology Information Both eMarketer and Forrester have information about technology trends. There may be information about the Internet, emerging technologies or electronic marketing. Statistics and Demographics Statistics Canada provides access to demographic data. Many secondary educational institutions participate in the Data Liberation Initiative. This means that information a member of the public would have to pay for, can be retrieved for free by a student. Students, through the academic library website, can use data for research. For more information about accessing statistics, students can talk to their subject librarian. Some resources that Statistics Canada has that might be useful to find demographics include the Market Research Handbook, Canadian Business Patterns, CANSIM data, Census data, and Canadian Social Trends, among others. There are other resources available via www. statcan. ca such as Community Profiles. Data are available down to groupings of the population of about 2,000 to 7,000 people, meaning students can find demographic data for each 2,000- to 7,000-person neighbourhood across the country. Purchased by Gaia Cuccarini (gaia. cuccarini@yahoo. it) on March 21, 2013 Page 8 9B08M057 Global Information Although global research may not be as important for a product such as The Piercer, other entrepreneurial projects may require researching the global market. Economic Intelligence Unit, Global Market Information Database and Business Monitor Online are three resources that provide global market and industry information. Other Helpful Resources Students are encouraged to use the World Wide Web to help them find good information. For example, city homepages often have information about setting up a business. Association websites also can have helpful information. Also, banks have entrepreneurial information on their websites. In addition, many books in the library explain how to develop small business plans or provide information on entrepreneurship. Purchased by Gaia Cuccarini (gaia. cuccarini@yahoo. it) on March 21, 2013 How to cite The Piercer, Papers

Precast Concrete Order to Reduce Wastages â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Precast Concrete Order TO Reduce Wastages? Answer: Introduction With wastes accounting for close to 6% - 9% of total project costs in the construction industry, the amount of losses is very significant considering the high cost of projects (Blismas, et al., 2010). This industry still remains one of the most profitable sectors of the economy which leads to most attempts to mitigate wastage in construction sites being uneconomical, a factor which further facilitates construction to carry on without proper preventive measures. As a result, both the technical and client parties incur huge costs considering the fact that the wastes have to be accounted for. Building projects that utilize concrete as the main material, in most cases, usually end up with a wastage factor of between 5% - 10% of the overall costs. These wastes also contribute to a variety of environmental problems which have proven to be a setback in the construction industry. This waste material is mostly in the form of concrete, used formwork, steel and it is usually a result of human a nd environmental factors within the site environment (Tam, et al, 2005). Whereas the disposal mechanisms currently being used help achieving a reduced waste impact on the environmental, the responsibility falls upon engineers and contractors to find a balance between waste free constructions and helthcare profit margins. More alternatives that reduce the amount of wastages and improve the quality of work too therefore have to be developed (Mao, et al., 2013). This is where modular construction techniques come in as manufacturers can come up with environmentally friendly materials while at the same time, implementing environmentally friendly building methods that also give way for the incorporation of sustainable energy. While relying heavily on existing literature, this review will concentrate on precast concrete systems explaining how and when these systems are used, their material saving and environmental friendliness, the gaps in the research and further link them to my research project. Literature review Modular construction systems categorically offer a solution to the issue of waste reduction. This is advantageous for developers seeking to increase their profit margins based on the favourable economies of scale of the total cost of the development. As argued by Lu Aye, T. Ngo, R. H. Crawford, R. Gammampila and P. Mendisa, modular systems provides up to 51% material saving by mass by incorporating reused materials in modular construction that used timber, steel and concrete (Lu, et al., 2012). Concrete is one of these modular construction materials whose application has been increasing gradually over the years for this very reason. As a fact, a study by Weisheng Lu and H. Yuan indicates a wastage factor of only 2% or less when utilizing precast concrete in construction (Lu, 2013). In using precast concrete systems, the person using it may choose to go with a fully modular approach or the inclusion in situ concrete during construction various stages. When construction teams utilize this precast approach, however, they may do so for specific member elements including slabs, columns and beams. The reasons for using these members include good insulation, easy demolition, higher frame strength and cost reduction (Arif, 2010). When looking at the various approaches to this system, 2 main approaches stand out whose difference is in the percentage amount of precast elements used. They are discussed below. Fully precast concrete systems: this is where all member elements are cast off site and transported to the site. Some of the best examples of these of the application of precast modular structures are artificial harbours and bridges. One of the most recognized examples is the Mulberry Harbour that was temporarily constructed by the British during the Second World War to provide a platform for quick offloading of cargo along the beaches of Normandy, France. At present, most bridges are constructed using prefabricated member elements where the only in situ components are the abutment (Li, Z., et al., 2014). As argued by researchers R. Lawson, R. G. Ogden and R. Bergin, precast concrete systems have a proven record of maintaining high levels of structural durability and stability as all the member elements have better tensile and compressive strengths compared to the conventional in situ members (Lawson, et al., 2011). This provides the client and contractor with a better schedule management and waste saving system. When considering the economies of scale, larger projects that use precast concrete are ultimately much cheaper to run and develop than their in situ concrete alternatives. The economic aspect of this system can however be non-existent when comparing to the conventional systems currently in use. This mean that, for smaller structures, the economies of scale apply. Where development projects are smaller, there are significantly less wastes and time spent and this usually less and this leaves very little room for extra economic recovery (Blismas, et al., 2010). In actual sense, they could end up being more expensive than the conventional concrete systems. This is because of their relatively higher production costs. Questions have also been raised by researchers about their seismic performance with some researchers suggesting they could be weak. Partial precast concrete systems: these is usually when the construction utilizes both precast and in situ concrete in the same project. These practices are currently incorporated in high-rise structures such as warehouses plazas, residential high-rise blocks, bridges, harbours. These may not be as strong as precast structures but they also exhibit high levels of structural durability and reliability (Azman, et al., 2010). Partial precast concrete systems can be an advantage to developers constructing small units as, they are much cheaper than their alternatives e.g. those with three floors or less (Azman, et al., 2010). The major disadvantage that this system is that it is prone to wastages when comparing it to the alternatives. In actual sense, waste is significantly reduced when comparing the development to concrete structures cast right there on site. They are, prone to some slight wastage as using the in situ cast concrete system leads to wastage. The research gaps existing in the in the body of knowledge relating to precast systems is in complementary sustainable material incorporation. While it has been noted that modular construction does, in a lot of cases utilize reused materials, very few materials have been researched on that complement the precast concrete systems. These materials could include recycled reinforcement fibres made of a variety of materials that could include steel, nylon, fibreglass, organic sisal fibres etc (Wang, et al., 2010). Cement admixtures and alternative, sustainable alternatives to both coarse and fine aggregates could also be researched on that are both environmental friendly and reduce overall construction costs. Evaluation The research conducted in this field indicated both positives and negatives, some of which are in direct contrast with each other. While Arif, in his journal paper highlighted precast systems as being more cost effective than other construction methods, W. Lu and H. Yuan greatly emphasize the additional costs of the transportation associated with precast systems (Arif, 2010), (Lu, 2013). These normally come about as some construction sites are far away from the factories which, in comparison to conventional methods using in situ material that are readily available, is fairly costlier. Kamali and K. Hewage in their research on the life cycle of modular structures argue that modular construction provides a better life cycle, a point E. M. Generalovaa, V. P. Generalova and A. A. Kuznetsovaa agree with in a different research paper ( Kamali, 2016), (Generalova, et al., 2016). With this in mind, further research can be done to increase this life cycle and overall sustainability. R. N. Swamy, in 1990, conducted a research in fibre reinforced concrete but their application was limited to in-situ cast concrete. Even then there was a reduction in the amount of reinforcement used and also member dimensions e.g. slab and beam depths were significantly reduced (Swamy ed., 1990). It is with this in mind that this research focuses on the effect of using sustainable fibres during the casting of precast elements that provide for a similar or better life cycle, cut down overall costs and are environmentally friendly. In utilizing them, material wastage will be assessed comparing the material saving qualities of systems using both precast with conventional reinforcement and those with environmental friendly reinforcement mechanism. The reinforcement alternatives researched on will be limited to only those that are recycled wastes and by products of other production processes that would go to waste. The reasoning behind this research is that, while mitigating the amount of constructions event further, they would also provide a solution to the increasingly challenging task of providing reliable and safe disposal mechanism (Oyedele, et al., 2014). In reusing these waste materials, the construction costs are ultimately lowered and adoption would be easier to propagate by marketing. The strength properties are to be measured and compared to regular concrete with an objective target of examining whether they can provide a much better deal in the long run. Conclusion The review above illustrates the in-depth study that has been conducted in order to establish the suitability of precast concrete systems in waste reduction and environmental protection. While a lot of these systems have been adopted and are largely being utilized, the question of reducing material wastage and costs even further has been raised. It is with these in mind that further research has been suggested fibre reinforced precast concrete. These assumed result would be further reduction in wastages, costs and more environmental friendliness. References Antink, R., Garrigan, C., Bonetti, M. and Westaway, R., 2014. Greening the Building Supply Chain. 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